ACE Tutorial 008
Sending and receiving datagrams

In directed_client.cpp we create a client that knows how to send a datagram to a server on a known host. This is a good thing if you know where the server lives and want to have a conversation. The Unix talk utilitiy, for instance, could be written this way.

    // $Id: page03.html,v 1.10 1999/04/03 21:56:26 jcej Exp $

    #include "ace/SOCK_Dgram.h"
    #include "ace/INET_Addr.h"

    /* Once again, we use the default server port.  In a "real" system,
       the server's port (or ports) would be published in some way so that
       clients would know where to "look".  We could even add entries to
       the operating system's services file and use a service name instead
       of a number.  We'll come back to that in some other tutorial
       though.  For now, let's stay simple.  */
    static const u_short PORT = ACE_DEFAULT_SERVER_PORT;

    /* Our goal here is to develop a client that can send a datagram to a
       server running on a known host.  We'll use a command-line argument
       to specify the hostname instead of hard-coding it.  */
    int
    main (int argc,char *argv[])
    {
      /* All datagrams must have a point of origin.  Since we intend to
        transmit instead of receive, we initialize an address with zero
        and let the OS choose a port for us.  We could have chosen our own
        value between 1025 and 65535 as long as it isn't already in use.

        The biggest difference between client and server when datagrams
        are used is the fact that servers tend to have a known/fixed
        address at which they listen and clients tend to have arbitrary
        addresses assigned by the OS.  */
      ACE_INET_Addr local((u_short) 0);

      /* And here is our datagram object.  */
      ACE_SOCK_Dgram dgram;

      /* Notice that this looks a lot like the server application.
        There's no difference in creating server datagrams an client
        datagrams.  You can even use a zero-constructed address for your
        server datagram as long as you tell the client where you're
        listening (eg -- by writting into a file or some such).  */
      if (dgram.open (local) == -1)
        ACE_ERROR_RETURN ((LM_ERROR,
                           "%p\n",
                           "datagram open"),
                          -1);

      /* Yep.  We've seen this before too...  */
      char buf[BUFSIZ];

      /* Ok, now we're doing something different.  */
      sprintf (buf, "Hello World!");

      /* Just like sending a telegram, we have to address our datagram.
        Here, we create an address object at the desired port on the
        chosen host.  To keep us from crashing, we'll provide a default
        host name if we aren't given one.  */
      ACE_INET_Addr remote (PORT,
                            argc > 1 ? argv[1] : "localhost");

      ACE_DEBUG ((LM_DEBUG,
                  "(%P|%t) Sending (%s) to the server.\n",
                  buf));
      /* Now we send our buffer of stuff to the remote address.  This is
        just exactly what the server did after receiving a client message.
        Datagrams are rather orthogonal that way: they don't generally
        make much of a fuss about being either client or server.  */
      if (dgram.send (buf,
                      ACE_OS::strlen (buf) + 1,
                      remote) == -1)
        ACE_ERROR_RETURN ((LM_ERROR,
                           "%p\n",
                           "send"),
                          -1);

      /* Now we've turned around and put ourselves into "server mode" by
        invoking the recv() method.  We know our server is going to send
        us something, so we hang out here and wait for it.  Because we
        know datagrams are unreliable, there is a chance that the server
        will respond but we won't hear.  You might consider providing a
        timeout on the recv() in that case.  If recv() fails due to
        timeout it will return -1 and you can then resend your query and
        attempt the recv() again.

        Like the server application, we have to give the recv() an
        uninitialized addr object so that we can find out who is talking
        back to us.  */
      if (dgram.recv (buf,
                      sizeof (buf),
                      remote) == -1)
        ACE_ERROR_RETURN ((LM_ERROR,
                           "%p\n",
                           "recv"),
                          -1);

      /* Find out what the server had to say.  */
      ACE_DEBUG ((LM_DEBUG,
                  "(%P|%t) The server said:  %s\n",
                  buf));

      /* Using the "remote" object instance, find out where the server
        lives.  We could then save this address and use directed datagrams
        to chat with the server for a while.  */
      ACE_DEBUG ((LM_DEBUG,
                  "(%P|%t) The server can be found at:  (%s:%d)\n",
                  remote.get_host_name(),
                  PORT));

      return 0;
    }

That's all neat and good but the point of what we're doing here is not to talk to a server we know about but to discover servers we don't know about. Now, you could send a directed datagram to every possible host address on your network but that's not a very nice thing to do. On the next page, we'll find out the right approach...

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